Researchers demonstrate that forests with diverse tree species can be more productive and resilient under drought stress than forests with specific species. Scientists from the University of Freiburg have confirmed this with data from the world’s oldest field trial on the diversity of tropical tree species. The team around Ph.D. student Florian Schnabel has published its results in the journal — Global Change Biology. As the researchers state, there is increasing scientific evidence of positive relationships between the diversity of tree species and ecosystem functioning. However, most studies on this relationship to date have used either data from forests where the influence of biodiversity cannot be separated from other factors, or from young planted experiments, which do not provide data on longer periods.
Therefore, the Freiburg research team analyzed data from the Sardinilla experiment which was planted in Panama in 2001. This experiment covers 22 plots planted with one, two, three or five native tree species. Since these grow at different rates, the plots with a greater variety of species also have a greater structural diversity about the height and diameter of the trees. Annual data on the size and height of the trees, which are seen as indicators of the productivity and stability of the ecosystem, come from the period 2006 to 2016. The study concluded that mixtures of two and three tree species have on average a 25 to 30 percent higher productivity than monocultures and those with five species even 50 percent higher. The differences during a severe dry period caused by the tropical climate phenomenon El Nino were especially pronounced.
This indicated that forests with a greater diversity of tree species are not only more productive but also more stable and resilient under drought stress — the researchers believe this is a particularly important finding because of global climate change. In the context of initiatives that aim to reduce atmospheric CO2 with extensive reforestation, these results indicate that to store the same amount of CO2 in biomass, far less space is needed with mixed-species forests. According to the team, these results offer new insights into the dynamics of tropical plantation forests and emphasize the importance of analyses that cover a longer development period, since they contribute to a better understanding of the connections between the diversity, productivity, and stability of ecosystems.
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